Tag Archives: research

Motorcycle safety scholar Dr Wigan retires

Australian motorcycle road safety will be a little poorer with the retirement of 50+-year scholar and transport consultant Dr Marcus R. Wigan.

The Emeritus Professor of Transport and Information Systems Edinburgh Napier University says it is time to hang up his mortar board and enjoy his Yamaha MT-10 in his retirement.

Over the past half century Dr Wigan, aged 78, has produced many interesting papers on a range of subjects including transport and, in particular, motorcycling.

One of his enduring themes is the need for more comprehensive and qualitative crash data.

He says governments and big business often exploit poor data, resulting in poor decisions.Dr Marcus

Dr Wigan has consulted to many governments and businesses and says his papers have been cited many decades after publication.

His papers have helped formulate policies on several motorcycle issues such as front number plates, parking, lane filtering, rationalising helmet standards and road hazards.

One of the most famous reports on motorcycling is the Leuven Project study into a particularly congested route in Belgium.

It found that when 10% of car drivers swapped to motorcycles – congestion was reduced for all road users by 40%. When 25% of car drivers swapped – congestion was eliminated altogether.

That report also cited Dr Wigan’s research.

Dr Wigan: safety mindset

Dr Wigan and family

His motorcycle safety mindset was probably forged in the 1960s while at Oxford University in the UK where he had his first and last exchange with a traffic cop after riding his Norton way too fast.

“I was roaring up the white line on Folly Bridge Road, helmet-less and in rowing gear, at 60mph in a 30mph zone (in the UK) when I was flagged down and instead of having a book-sized set of infringements thrown at me, I was asked: ‘Why?’

“I said: ‘Because I have eight other people in the Hertford College first VIII waiting anxiously for me.’ He explained very carefully how stupid I had been and why and let me go.

“I have NEVER forgotten this and it has guided me in my riding ever since.”

Future challenges

As he departs for those winding roads into the hills, Dr Wigan says these are the challenges facing motorcycling:

  1. Being recognised in the spectrum of sub-car mobility. This places motorcycles as transport in context instead of as a safety problem; and
  2. Getting high-quality credible research that supports my first point!

Potted riding history

Dr Wigan once held an FIM International Racing Licence, but began his riding career in 1956 with a Lambretta scooter in the UK while studying at Oxford.

He bought a 1946 Norton ES2 single ex sidecar in 1962 for 8 quid and sold it for 8 quid.

In 1964 he bought his first new motorcycle … a Vespa Sportique 150cc that he took on his “first honeymoon”.

Over the years there has been a host of other motorcycles, including race bikes and a stint of racing, culminating in an Indian Scout which he recently sold for his current Yamaha MT-10.

Source: MotorbikeWriter.com

Is ABS the saviour safety experts suggest?

Despite its much-lauded safety benefits, ABS may not be your saviour in a motorcycle crash because many riders don’t have time to even use their brakes before crashing.

That is one of the startling findings of a real-world global report called The Dynamics Of Motorcycle Crashes : A Global Survey of 1578 Motorcyclists.

Written by motorcycle-riding road safety researchers, it collected feedback from 1578 riders in 30 countries, with 126 from Australia, who had all crashed in the past 10 years.

Click here to read more about their findings including that speed is not related to the severity of crashes.Crash speed ‘not linked to rider injury’ saviour

ABS a saviour?

The study found that more than a third of the riders surveyed did not use their brakes, “whether they just did not have time or were unable to because of the circumstances”.

“How this can be addressed is relevant to the fact that in this study a third of the motorcycles were equipped with Advanced Braking Systems while 12% had traction control,” the study found.

The study questions the value of such technology in a crash scenario, considering that the perception/reaction time of the rider/driver is between 0.75 and 1.5 seconds.

“The assumption that technology will save the day may miss the obvious fact that what matters in an emergency situation, is the rider him/herself and his/her ability to control the technology.”

The study does not dispute that ABS could be a saviour when used, only that brakes are not used in many situations.

“ABS can and does make a difference,” says one of the authors, UK Motorcycle Research Analyst Elaine Hardy. 

However, it seems training on the correct use of brakes, particularly with ABS, may be a contributing factor.

Interestingly, it found 37% of riders who crashed with ABS on their bikes went over the handlebars, probably because ABS stops the wheels locking and causing a low-side.

This research expands on a pilot 2016/17 study based on a survey of motorcyclists whose motorcycles were fitted with ABS.

Again, this research involved analysis of feedback from riders involved in crashes, rather than academia simply sifting through statistics.

abs mandatory regulationsABS being demonstrated

ABS criticism

Critics of ABS claim it gives riders a false sense of security that the technology will be their saviour in a crash.

Others say they can brake over shorter distances without ABS, especially slippery surfaces such as gravel and wet roads.

Many modern motorcycles with ABS have a feature to disable ABS.

In 2016, university safety researcher Ross Blackman criticised a VicRoads brochure that stated: “A motorcycle with ABS enhances your riding skills and techniques by preventing the wheels from locking, skidding and sliding under.”

However, no technology makes you a better rider. It only helps compensate for poor skills or in emergencies.

Even then it has no effect if you don’t use your brakes or know how to use it properly.

ABS mandatory

From November 2019, all new motorcycle models sold in Australia over 125cc must have ABS, while bikes with lower engine capacities must have either combined brakes systems (CBS) or ABS.

All previous generation motorcycles sold in Australia must have ABS by 2021. Enduro and trials bikes are exempt.

The Federal Government declared that ABS can reduce motorcycle-related road trauma by more than 30%.

However, that referred to very early estimates of ABS effectiveness in cars more than 10 years ago.

In 2009, an American National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) found that ABS in cars significantly reduced injury crashes but had “close to zero overall effect on fatal crashes”.

Source: MotorbikeWriter.com

Warnings to help riders corner properly

Future motorcycles might be able to issue warnings to tell you if you have chosen the right apex and speed for a corner, regardless of the posted advisory speed.

Working on the fact that turns taken too quickly or sharply are responsible for nearly a fifth of all motorcycle accidents and 15% of fatalities, researchers have investigated how to alert riders of their errors.

The research is being undertaken by a group from ETH Zurich and KU Leuven who have proposed a solution in their paper “Learning a Curve Guardian for Motorcycles“.

(In case you have heard the name “Leuven” before, they’re the Belgian consultancy to issue the Transport & Mobility study that found if 10% of all private cars were replaced by motorcycles, it would reduce traffic congestion by 40%.)

No roadside signsWarnings sign speed

Researchers Alex Liniger and Simon Hecker say roadside signs with arrows and advisory speeds are not good enough.

In our experience, most advisory speed signs  in Australia, like the one above, are actually wildly conservative!

This system would ignore the speed sign and provide a real-world alert.

“What we designed is a curve warning system for motorbikes which can alert the rider when they are approaching a curve too fast,” they told us.

“The system performs this task by first calculating the roll angle and the position within the lane of the motorcycle, based on a camera mounted on the front of the motorbike.

“Second, the system queries information about the road ahead from so-called HD maps, which are precise maps for navigation with additional information, such as the road geometry (curvature, inclination) and road attributed information (speed limits).

“With this information, we use a motion-planning algorithm to plan the optimal path and consequent manoeuvre of the motorcycle for the next 200m.

“This path can be seen as the ideal manoeuvre to ride the curve and includes safety margins.”

“We now compare the motorcyclists current manoeuvre to this ideal, calculated manoeuvre and warn the rider if they need to brake or turn too rapidly to align with the ideal manoeuvre, as this would indicate that the driver is reaching the physically safe limits of their motorcycle and riding ability through the curve.”

Warning signs

Germany replaces dangerous steel road signs with plastic signs warnings
(Photoshopped sign)

This warning could be conveyed to the rider either visually on the bike’s instruments, through haptic pads (vibrations in the bars or seat) or through a head-up display in the rider’s helmet. That would be up to the motorcycle or helmet manufacturers who apply this research.

Alex and Simon say their system does not use road signs to warn the rider.

“This allows the system to warn the rider even if the speed limits do not change for a curve ahead,” they say.

“This is common in Switzerland and throughout Europe, where the speed limit for the case study curve in the paper is 80km/h, but the rider needs to slow down to 35km/h to safely manoeuvre through the curve.”

They say their technology also uses map-based road geometry which would warn the rider if the curve is blind or has an unexpected changing curvature.

Early warnings

Their early warnings compare with safety systems such as ABS and EBS, which only take action when the rider has already “crossed the limit of handling”.

“Our system is designed to only warn the rider and not intervene, thus it is actually less invasive than current safety systems and helps to keep the riding experience pure,” the say.

Their research paper so far only shows preliminary results and they say further work is necessary to allow this system to run real-time on a motorcycle.

Source: MotorbikeWriter.com